Release of influenza viral RNAs into cells
In “Influenza virus attachment to cells” we left the intact virion on the cell surface. The next step is that the viral genetic information – for influenza virus, the individual…
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Longevity of SARS-CoV-2 memory B cells
Immunity conferred by influenza virus vaccine is short-lived. After immunization with inactivated influenza virus vaccine, serum antibody levels peak within a few months and then decline rapidly. This decline was…
Adults have cross-reactive antibodies to A/California/04/2009 (H1N1)
Does previous exposure to influenza H1N1 viruses, either by infection or vaccination, provide any protection against infection with the new H1N1 influenza virus strains? The answer to this question might…
Innate immune defenses
…by the innate immune system, which responds very quickly – within minutes to hours after infection. A key property of the innate immune system is the ability to recognize viruses…
A viral protease interferes with interferon
…establishing an antiviral state. Many viruses are unable to replicate in cells treated in this way. An example is the inhibition of replication of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), a picornavirus, by…
Effectiveness of this season’s influenza vaccine
…infection. Of 1,155 children and adults with ARI, 416 (36%) were positive for influenza A or B virus. Of these, 236 (57%) were influenza A virus (all H3N2) and 180…