Adaptive immune defenses
…antiviral defense. The contribution of each varies, depending on the virus and the host. Antibodies generally bind to virus particles in the blood and at mucosal surfaces, thereby blocking the…
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Virus neutralization by antibodies
…virus particles. Many enveloped viruses are lysed when antiviral antibodies and serum complement disrupt membranes. Non-neutralizing antibodies are also produced after viral infection. Such antibodies bind specifically to virus particles,…
The role of children in transmission of SARS-CoV-2
…just less likely to develop clinical symptoms? Do infected children produce as much virus as infected adults? How likely are asymptomatically infected children to transmit the virus to others? The…
Transmission of influenza
…humid conditions. The 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus can be transmitted by aerosol under hot and humid conditions because humans have little population immunity to the virus. The virus is…
Influenza PB1-F2 protein and viral fitness
…is related to PB1 of H1N2 and H3N2 swine viruses from 1998 and human H3N2 viruses. Curiously, all the relatives of the 2009 H1N1 strain in swine and in humans…
Pangolins and the origin of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus
…of SARS-CoV-2 compared with sequence from the bat virus RaTG13, the most closely related virus. The SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein binds ACE2 with high affinity, an outcome not predicted by computational…