The genome sequence of an RNA virus population clusters around a consensus or average sequence, but each genome is different. A rare genome with a particular mutation may survive a selection event, and the mutation will then be found in all progeny genomes. The selection process is illustrated in this diagram:
The diagram on the left shows a small subset of the viral genomes that are present in a virus stock. Genomes are indicated by lines, and mutations are shown by different symbols. The consensus sequence for this population is shown as a line at the bottom. There are no mutations in the consensus sequence, even though every viral genome contains mutations. One of these genomes, indicated by the arrow, is able to survive a selection event (also called a genetic bottleneck), such as passage to a new host. This virus multiplies in the host and a new population of viruses emerges, shown by the diagram on the right. The consensus sequence for this population indicates that three mutations selected to survive the bottleneck are found in every member of the population. Error-prone replication ensures that the members of the new population have many other mutations in their genomes.
The type of population selection illustrated above most likely took place during the emergence of the new influenza H1N1 virus that is currently circulating globally. Imagine that the upper left diagram represents the sequences of one viral RNA segment of an influenza virus that is infecting a pig. The animal sneezes and several million viral particles are inhaled by a human who happens to be nearby. Of all the virions inhaled by the worker, only the one near the arrow can replicate efficiently in human cells. The three mutations are then present in that RNA segment of all the viruses that multiply in the human’s respiratory tract. Imagine similar selection events leading to a new population of viruses that are well adapted for transmission from person to person.
The quasispecies theory predicts that viruses are not just a collection of random mutants, but an interactive group of variants. Diversity of the population is critical for propagation of the viral infection. Recently it became experimentally feasible to test the idea that viral populations, not individual mutants, are the target of selection. We’ll examine those data next.
“Recently it became experimentally feasible to test the idea that viral populations, not individual mutants, are the target of selection. We’ll examine those data next.”
Is there someplace to read about this experiment? I'll even try to muddle my way through a peer-reviewed research paper.
Being a software guy, I'm finding the algorithmics of these natural processes fascinating.
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I'm writing a post about this work now, but if you want a head start:
doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0010011.
I am still trying to wrap my brain around the implications of quasispecies theory and the high rate of RNA mutations.
Would this mean that a human infected with the novel H1N1 would be expelling new virus particles with a range of RNA sequences?
So when we see the genetic sequences for a particular isolet in the CDC files, the same individual is probably producing other particles with other genetic sequences at the same time?
Or am I missing something elemental here?
You are correct – a human infected with H1N1 (or any virus) would shed
a population of diverse particles. The sequence that is reported is a
consensus, similar to that which we defined here at virology blog in
previous posts. It does not at all reflect the various mutations
because each one is not sufficiently predominant to be detected in the
sequence analysis. In the old days of sequencing, we used to say that
a mutation had to be in at least 15% of the population to be detected
by sequencing. I'm not sure what the detection limit of the new
methods is. But this brings up an interesting problem, crystallized by
Luis Villareal, who wrote to me: “In my judgement, of all the fields
of human virology, the flu field has curiously been the least affected
by the developments of quasispecies theory (for example, almost no
papers have attempted to measure flu quasispecies composition via
pryosequencing etc.). Flu researchers believe in the master template
as being the fittest type. I think this has been to their detriment
and is currently confusing the field as we witness the evolution of
emergence. I would be willing to bet money, that if the quasispecies
composition were measured, we would see clear differences between
those patients that died in Mexico compared to the much less virulent
outcome in the USA.”
So basically the sequences we see may not reflect the mutations that
are important for virulence and transmission. You have hit the nail
right on the head with your question.
You are correct – a human infected with H1N1 (or any virus) would shed
a population of diverse particles. The sequence that is reported is a
consensus, similar to that which we defined here at virology blog in
previous posts. It does not at all reflect the various mutations
because each one is not sufficiently predominant to be detected in the
sequence analysis. In the old days of sequencing, we used to say that
a mutation had to be in at least 15% of the population to be detected
by sequencing. I'm not sure what the detection limit of the new
methods is. But this brings up an interesting problem, crystallized by
Luis Villareal, who wrote to me: “In my judgement, of all the fields
of human virology, the flu field has curiously been the least affected
by the developments of quasispecies theory (for example, almost no
papers have attempted to measure flu quasispecies composition via
pryosequencing etc.). Flu researchers believe in the master template
as being the fittest type. I think this has been to their detriment
and is currently confusing the field as we witness the evolution of
emergence. I would be willing to bet money, that if the quasispecies
composition were measured, we would see clear differences between
those patients that died in Mexico compared to the much less virulent
outcome in the USA.”
So basically the sequences we see may not reflect the mutations that
are important for virulence and transmission. You have hit the nail
right on the head with your question.
Thank you. This is very helpful.
Your answer I think also took care of my next question… When infected people are tested or swabbed for virus particles, a mixture of particles are being sequenced simultaneously, by whatever magic blackbox/sequencing machine/process you use, the amino acid sequences from the sample are decided by a 85% (?) level of agreement on an single position. And if a position has above 15% (?) difference at a single position, that this would generally constitute a single mutation point on that strand of the RNA by definition.
Could a single nasal swab test then ever provide a situation where a single position had a 50%-50% variability, thus providing two different isolate sequences? Or is this just not mathematically going to happen due to low rate of mutation against the length of RNA?
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but why then don't we see some differences, sometimes ?
The mutations should add over time, still we only see ~32 mutations
per year, less than one in average per host in flu-A, half of that in flu-B
When we find exactly the same sequences several times in Mexico and elsewhere,
is there still reason to believe the viruses are different ?
Is the virus uniquely determined by the sequence (assuming one infectious virus only)
The envelope is stolen from the cell, maybe Mexican,Argentine pople have different
cell-membranes
Sorry, your comment was held in the spam queue for some time…the
answer is, with current sequencing techniques, we only see the 'master
sequence' and do not get any hint of the diversity. Deep-sequencing
methods might allow us to see exactly what is coming out of one host
versus another; but the limitation will be the error rate of the
polymerase used to amplify the RNA for sequencing.
Sorry, your comment was held in the spam queue for some time…the
answer is, with current sequencing techniques, we only see the 'master
sequence' and do not get any hint of the diversity. Deep-sequencing
methods might allow us to see exactly what is coming out of one host
versus another; but the limitation will be the error rate of the
polymerase used to amplify the RNA for sequencing.
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This is a tricky subject that actually needs more depth to properly explain than is provided here. This explanation and the diagrams mislead the reader into assuming the polymerase “knows” to fix those base pair positions that allowed the virus to escape whatever the bottleneck was. This is a dangerous mindset to get into because it doesn't accurately reflect what is happening. It is just as likely for viral RNA's after the bottleneck event to have mutations at those particular postitions that cause it to revert to a pre-bottleneck sequence. The polymerase is always making random mutations, the environment is the deciding factor on how those mutations effect the fitness of that viral quasispecies.
Wow this stuff is intense!
Looks like you’ve done your research very well.
how exonuclease recognizes the mismatched base pair ?
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